Like Sherlock Holmes holding a magnifying glass to unveil hidden clues, modern day astronomers have used cosmic magnifying effects to reveal a planet orbiting a distant star.

This marks the first discovery of a planet around a star beyond our solar system using gravitational microlensing. A star or planet can act as a cosmic lens to magnify and brighten a more distant star lined up behind it. That's because the gravitational field of the foreground star bends and focuses light, like a glass lens bending and focusing starlight in a telescope. Albert Einstein predicted this effect in his theory of general relativity and confirmed it with our Sun.

"The real strength of microlensing is its ability to detect low-mass planets," said Dr. Ian Bond of the Institute for Astronomy in Edinburgh, Scotland. Bond is lead author of a paper appearing in the Astrophysical Journal Letters May 10 issue. Amateur astronomers might use this technique to follow up future discoveries and confirm planets as small as Earth, around stars other than our Sun.

The discovery was made possible through cooperation between two international research teams -- Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics, or MOA, and Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment, or OGLE. The newly discovered star-planet system is 17,000 light years away, in the constellation Sagittarius. The planet, orbiting a red dwarf parent star, is most likely one-and-a-half times bigger than Jupiter. The planet and star are three times farther apart than Earth and the Sun.Together, they magnify a farther, background star some 24,000 light years away, near the Milky Way center.

In most prior microlensing observations, scientists saw a typical brightening pattern, or light curve, indicating that a star's gravitational pull was affecting light from an object behind it. The latest observations revealed extra spikes of brightness, indicating the existence of two massive objects. By analyzing the precise shape of the light curve, Bond and his team determined that one smaller object is only 0.4% the mass of a second, larger object. They concluded that the smaller object must be a planet orbiting its parent star.

Dr. Bohdan Paczynski of Princeton University, Princeton, N.J., an OGLE team member, first proposed using gravitational microlensing to detect dark matter in 1986. In 1991, Paczynski and his student, Shude Mao, proposed using microlensing to detect extrasolar planets. Two years later, three groups reported the first detection of gravitational microlensing by stars. Earlier claims of planet discoveries with microlensing are not regarded as definitive, since they had too few observations of the apparent planetary brightness variations. "I'm thrilled to see the prediction come true with this first definite planet detection through gravitational microlensing," said Paczynski. He and his colleagues believe observations over the next few years may lead to the discovery of Neptune-sized, and even Earth-sized planets around distant stars.

Microlensing can easily detect extrasolar planets because a planet dramatically affects the brightness of a background star. Because the effect works only in rare instances when two stars are perfectly aligned, millions of stars must be monitored. Recent advances in cameras and image analysis have made this task manageable. Such developments include the new large field-of-view OGLE-III camera, the MOA-II 1.8 meter (70.8 inch) telescope, now being built, and cooperation between microlensing teams.

"It's time-critical to catch stars while they are aligned, so we must share our data as quickly as possible", said OGLE team-leader Dr. Andrzej Udalski of Poland's Warsaw University Observatory. The Polish/American project is led by Udalski in Poland and Paczynski in the United States. It operates at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile, run by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and includes the world's largest microlensing survey on the 1.3 meter (51-inch) Warsaw Telescope.

OGLE is funded by NASA and the National Science Foundation in the United States, and the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research and Foundation for Polish Science in Poland. MOA is primarily a New Zealand/Japanese group, with collaborators in the United Kingdom and United States. It is supported by New Zealand's Marsden Fund, the United States' NASA and National Science Foundation, and Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. National Science Foundation funding was provided through the foundation's astronomy division. NASA funding was provided through NASA's Origins program.